Since immemorial, the data processing
has been done by humans.
Humans also find mechanical
appliances and electronics
to help human beings in the calculation and processing
of data in order to obtain faster results.
Computers that we see
today is a long evolution
of human inventions since time immemorial in the form of
mechanical or electronic
devices.
Today computers and supporting devices have been included in every aspect of life and work. Existing computers now have a greater ability than ordinary mathematical calculations. Among them is a computer system capable of reading gauze supermarket shopping item code, which handles millions of telephone calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet that connect different parts of the world.
Computer
History by period
are :
- Calculate Traditional Tools and Mechanical Calculator
- First Generation Computers
- Second Generation Computers
- Third Generation Computers
- Fourth Generation Computers
- Fifth Generation Computer
1. First Generation Computers (1946 – 1959)
With the
onset of World War II,
the countries involved in the war sought to develop to exploit their potential strategic importance a computer.
This
increased funding for computer development
and accelerate technical
progress.
(1) Colassus
(2) Mark I(3) ENIAC
(4) EDVAC
(5) UNIVAC I
Characteristics
of first generation computers are:
- The use of vacuum tube (which makes the computer at that time are very large)
- The magnetic cylinders for the storage of data.
- Operating instructions are made specifically for a particular task.
- Each computer has a different kodebiner program called "machine language" (machine language). This causes the computer is difficult to be programmed and the speed limit.
2. Second
Generation Computers (1959 – 1964)
Stretch dan LARC
The first
machine that utilizes this
new technology is the supercomputer.
IBM makes supercomputer named Stretch, and Sprery Rand makes a computer named LARC. These computers are developed for atomic energy
laboratories, could handle large
amounts of data, a capability that is needed by atomic
scientists. The machine is very
expensive and tend to be too
complex for business
computing needs, thereby limiting.
There are only two LARC ever installed and used:
one at the Lawrence
Radiation Labs in Livermore, California, and the
other at the U.S. Navy
Research and Development
Center in Washington DC. The second
generation of computers replacing
the machine language to assembly language. Assembly
language is a language that
uses abbreviations to replace
the binary code.
In
the early 1960s, computers began to appear successful
second generation in the business, in universities and in
government. This second
generation computer is a
computer which used transistors.
They also have the
components that can be associated with the computer at this time:
printers, storage, disk,
memory, operating system, and programs.
The
characteristics of the computer on the second generation:
- The use of transistors that are smaller in size
- The development of memory intimagnetik second generation computers smaller, faster, more reliable, and more energy efficient than its predecessor
- Replacement of the language into machine language Asembly
- Emerging programming languages COBOL and FORTRAN
3. Third Generation Computers (1964 – 1970)
Although
the transistors in
many respects the vacuum tube, but transistors generate substantial
heat, which could potentially damage the internal bagianbagian computer. Quartz Rock to eliminate this problem. Jack Kilby, an engineer at Texas Instruments, developed the integrated
circuit in 1958.
IC combined three electronic components onto a small
silicon disc, made
from quartz.
Scientists
later managed to fit more the components into a single chip,
called a semiconductor. As a
result, computers became ever smaller as more components
were squeezed onto the chip.
Other third-generation
development is the use of the operating system (operating system) which allows the engine to run many different programs
at once with a central
program that monitored and coordinated the
computer's memory.
The
characteristics of the third-generation
computers :
- The use of IC (Intregrated Circuit)
- The size of the computer is smaller
- The discovery of Operating Systems
4. Fifth Generation Computer (1979 - present )
After IC, the
development becomes more apparent:
shrink the size of circuits and electrical components. Large Scale Integration (LSI) could fit hundreds of components
onto one chip. In the 1980's, the Very Large Scale Integration
(VLSI) contains thousands of components on a
single chip. UltraLarge Scale
Integration (ULSI)
increased that number into the
millions. The ability to install so many components in a chip that berukurang
half coin prices eased and the size of the computer.
It also increased power,
efficiency and reliability.
Intel 4004
chip made in 1971 to bring progress to the IC by putting all the components
of a computer (central
processing unit, memory,
and control input / output) in a very small chip. Previously, the IC is made to do a certain task
specific. Now,
a microprocessor could be manufactured and then
programmed to meet all demands.
Not long after, everyday
household items such as microwave ovens,
televisions, and automobiles with electronic fuel
injection equipped with microprocessors.
Such
developments allow those people used to use
a regular computer. The computer is no longer a dominance of large corporations
or government agencies. In pertengahantahun 1970s, computer
assemblers offer their computer products to the general public. These
computers, called minicomputers,
sold with a software package that is easy to use by the layman. The most
popular software at the time was word processing
and spreadsheet programs. In the
early 1980s, such as the Atari 2600 video game consumer interest
in home computers are
more sophisticated and can
be programmed.
In 1981,
IBM introduced the use of
Personal Computer (PC)
for use in homes, offices,
and schools. The
number of PCs in use
jumped from 2 million
units in 1981 to 5.5 million units in 1982. Ten years later,
65 million PCs in use. Computers continued their trend toward a
smaller size, from computers that
are on the table (desktop
computer) to a computer that can be inserted into the bag (laptop),
or even a computer that can be held (palmtop).
IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, means a new way to harness their potential developed. Along with the increased strength of a smaller computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. The computer network allows a single computer to establish electronic collaboration to complete a task process. By using direct cabling (also called a local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
IBM PC to compete with Apple's Macintosh line, introduced in. Apple Macintosh became famous for popularizing the computer graphics system, while his rival was still using a text-based computer. Macintosh also popularized the use of mouse devices.
At the present time, we know the way to the use of IBM compatible CPU: IBM PC/486, Pentium, Pentium II, Pentium III, Pentium IV (series of CPUs made by Intel). Also we know AMD k6, Athlon, etc.. This is all included in the class of fourth generation computers. Along with the proliferation of computer usage in the workplace, means a new way to harness their potential developed. Along with the increased strength of a smaller computers can be connected together in a network to share a memory, software, information, and also to be able to communicate with each other. The computer network allows a single computer to establish electronic collaboration to complete a task process. By using direct cabling (also called a local area network, LAN), or telephone cable, the network can become very large.
The
characteristics of the computer on the fourth generation:
- The use of LSI, VLSI, ULSI
- The use of microprocessors
Many advances in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allows the creation of the fifth generation computer. Two such engineering advances are parallel processing capabilities, which will replace the model of von Neumann. Von Neumann model will be replaced with a system that is able to coordinate many CPUs to work as one. Another advance is superconductor technology, which allows the flow of electrically without any obstacles, which will accelerate the speed of information.
Japan is a country well known in the jargon of socialization and the fifth generation computer project. Institutions ICOT (Institute for new Computer Technology) was also set up to make it happen. Many news stating that the project has failed, but some other information that the success of the fifth generation computer project will bring new changes in the world of computerized paradigm. We wait for which information is more valid and fruitful.
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